I remember this FASA poster from growing up.
I don't know of anything like this poster for SFU but I think the Starline 2400 miniatures order pages do something similar where you can see photos of all the ships per race on 1 or 2 pages. For example:
http://store.starfleetstore.com/merchan ... ry_Code=FM
It might be difficult to compile something like what you posted for SFU because there are soooooo many more miniature choices (22 in FASA vs 100+ in SFU) for sooooo many more empires (4 in FASA and 14+ in SFU).
Summer 2010 was the first time in over 20 years that I tried to paint miniatures. At first I was going to do just a few Kzinti and Klingon but by the end of the summer I had 60+ miniatures over 6 empires. I didn't start with the border boxes so I spent more than I needed to. I finally got a border box for most of my Hydran and Lyran.
If you think you might be the same way then it might make sense to look at Border Boxes #1 and #2. Not only will you get Fed and Klingon but you will also get ships from their neighbors.
I personally plan to be more economical in summer 2011 with starting Gorn, Romulan and more Federation so I will plan to buy Border Boxes #3 and #4 myself.
As an aside, when it comes to the Federation CA types there are 3 types of miniatures you can choose from. I use them this way:
1. Zocchi plastic CA for standard Constitution class CA/CC (Squadron Box #91)
2. Pewter Fed CA (no shield grid lines on saucer) for pre-Constituion class CA refits (e.g. USS Republic)
3. Pewter Fed CC (shield lines on saucer) for my Terran Empire CA/CC